dc.description.abstract | Thailand is an aging society that will soon transform into an aged society. In 2019, the increasing proportion of the elderly population and the declining working-age population cause Thailand to face a shortage of workers. As a result, Thailand’s working- age population is pressured to increase productivity to maintain the same level of overall productivity.
The objectives and scopes of this study consist of 1)studying the characteristics and employment needs of the elderly informal workers (aged 60 years and over) with an in-depth analysis of each elderly group and their contexts; 2) studying the needs and career plans of the pre-elderly population (aged 40 to 59 years); 3) analyzing current and future occupations suitable for elderly informal workers in each group, 4)analyzing elderly employment incentives to develop skills, induce conceptual and behavioral change, and highlight the importance of learning and elderly employment to the pre-elderly population. In addition, to analyze the role of higher education, technology, and innovation to enhance learning and employment of the target groups; and 5) designing a driving system and mechanism, using higher education, technology, and innovation to raise learning levels and find suitable employment for elderly informal workers, preparing the population before entering the elderly age, and make policy recommendations and measures to promote concrete operations.
The research methodologies used in this study consist of 1) collecting questionnaires to study the elderly employment characteristics and needs of 3 sample groups: 1.1) informal workers aged 60 years and over with different contexts, 1.2) formal workers aged 40 to 59 years, and 1.3) informal workers aged 40 to 59 years. The total sample size is 1,500 people from representative areas from 4 regions (2 provinces in each region) and Bangkok and its vicinities. The data from the questionnaire collection will be used to a) analyze the likelihood and future trends of occupational characteristics suitable for the elderly informal workers in each group and b) analyzing elderly employment incentives to develop skills, induce conceptual and behavioral change, and highlight the importance of learning and elderly employment to the pre-elderly population. 2) synthesizing research on employment policy and expanding employment for the elderly in Thailand and abroad to find the best practices in encouraging employment for elderly informal workers; and 3) in-depth interviews and hosting workshops to gather opinions from experts and those involved in the public, private, academia, and community sectors.
The results of the study in the elderly informal worker group (aged 60 years) indicated that location, urban and rural areas, do not affect attitudes, except for the attitude on how the elderly manage stress which differs significantly between urban and rural areas. Among the different groups of elderly informal workers, the difference in attitudes toward technology adaptation is statistically significant. The role of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (MHEIS) in supporting the elderly informal workers (aged 60 years and over) in the rural agricultural sector should focus on the integrated economic and social enhancement project (One Tambon One University). The One Subdistrict One University project is a good integration initiation with the local universities, as the System Integrator, and cooperation with relevant agencies for employment, economic, and social rehabilitation. It covers a wide range of issues according to the needs of the community and assists people of all ages. Since the elderly has no desire to change jobs or find new career paths, the project should be adapted to support the elderly in career development by focusing on sustainable development and productivity increase for continuous income. Integrating various knowledge on techniques, methods, and technologies is suitable for all ages. The MHEIS should seek cooperation from the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and the Ministry of Labor for their comprehensive knowledge of promoting agricultural careers.
In the informal worker group (aged between 40-59 years), there is a correlation between educational background, urban and rural areas, and attitude scores. Some attitude scores varied greatly such as work stress management, technology adaptation, working environment adaptation, and adaptation to colleagues. In urban and rural areas, there is a significant statistical difference in attitudes: working environment adaptation, adaptation to colleagues, efficient training development, and work efficiency. Information on informal workers will be sought after by seeking cooperation from the Ministry of Labor for creating suitable projects and courses. The courses may be featured in the Thai-MOOC of Thailand Cyber University platform or organized as on-site training. The MHEIS should seek cooperation from the Social Security Office in encouraging informal workers, such as houseworkers, construction workers, and delivery workers, to apply for insurance under the Section 39 or 40 to be part of the basic labor protection system.
As for self-improvement and skill development of informal workers (aged between 40-59 years), it was found that people with different educational backgrounds have different skills needs. Based on location, there are differences only in technology skills and e-commerce marketing skills. Based on the informal workers in each industry, the skills these informal workers demand differs by industry, except for entrepreneurial skills and self-employment skills which the demand is not significantly different. The top three skills with the highest demand are self-employment skills, entrepreneurial skills, and health development skills. The MHEIS can support the highly skilled workers (aged 40-59 years) in the system in terms of knowledge and skills enhancement in preparation for entering the elderly population (60 years and over) through the Thai-MOOC and Thailand’s manpower skills development project (Reskill/Upskill/Newskill). This project is a platform that focuses on skill enhancement and development in key industries for a better future; however, the project website currently does not function. The only functioning online platform is the Thai-MOOC; therefore, the available courses may not be sufficient. The MHEIS should help improve the Reskill/Upskill/Newskill project to create additional courses to better prepare people with job skills needed in the future. | th |